The Pentateuch, Law of Moses or Torah

Introduction

It is believed that the name Pentateuch "the first five books of the Old Testament, the book of the Law" (The Columbia Viking Desk Encyclopaedia, 1964, p.1402) was first found in the letter of Elora of a second century Gnostic, Ptolemy and passed into Christian use. These books are called The Law (Torah) or the Law of Moses by the Jews. (Everyman's Encyclopedia, 1978). It would be difficult to overestimate the role that the Pentateuch has played in the course of biblical scholarship. In all likelihood, these first five books in the Bible - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy- have been subjected to scrutiny more than any single block, with the sole possible exception of the Gospels (Knight and Tucker, 1985).

Origin

The Pentateuch, Law of Moses or Torah

The word Pentateuch derives from the Greek pentateuchos "five-volumed (book)", following the Jewish designation "the five-fifths of the law". Jews call it the Torah, that is instruction, often rendered in English Law as it is called in the New Testament (Greek nomon; example, Matt. 5:17; Luke 16:17; Acts 7:53; 1 Cor. 9:8). According to Lasor, Hubbard and Bush (1982), the Pentateuch was "the most important division of the Jewish canon, with an authority and sanctity far exceeding that attributed to the prophets and writing" (p.54). They observe that the books of the Pentateuch are not 'books' in the modern sense of independent self-contained entries, but were purposefully structured and intended as part of a larger unity; therefore the term Pentateuch is not only convenient but necessary. However, granted this fact of the unity of the larger corpus, the conventional five-fold division is important not simply as a convenient means of reference to the material, but because there is clear editorial evidence establishing just these five books as genuine subdivisions of the material. Despite marks of real disparity and complexity in structure and origins, far more primary and important is the overarching unity which the Pentateuch evidences. A careful reading of the Pentateuch will reveal, beside a definite unity of purpose, plan and arrangement, a diversity - a complexity - that is equally striking.

Authorship

The traditional view according to Halley (1962) is that "Moses wrote the Pentateuch substantially...with the exception of the few verses at the close which give an account of his death, and occasional interpolations made by copyists for explanatory purposes" (p.56). This is in consonance with the view of Childs (1979). A modern critical view is that of a composite work of various scholars of priests made about the eighth century B.C., for partisan purposes, based on oral traditions, the principal redactors of which are called J (for Jahweh/Yahweh, the personal name of God), E (for Elohim, a generic name for God), D (for Deuteronomic) and P (for priestly). Each is claimed to be unique. However, "this view is not supported by conclusive research or evidence, and intensive archaeological and literary research has tended to undercut many of the arguments used to challenge Mosaic authorship" (The NIV Study Bible, 1984, p.2). Jews and Christians alike have held Moses to be the author/compiler of the Pentateuch.

Contents

The Pentateuch consists of the first five afore-mentioned books of the Bible. It must be observed that the first phrase in the Hebrew text of Genesis 1:1 is bereshith [in (the) beginning] which is also the Hebrew title of the book. The English title, Genesis, is Greek in origin and is derived from geneseos 'birth', 'genealogy' or 'history of origin'. Genesis therefore appropriately describes its contents since it is primarily a book of beginnings. 'Exodus' is a Latin word from Greek exodos, meaning 'exit', 'departure'. Leviticus receives its name from the Greek translation of the Old Testament (Septuagint) meaning 'relating to the Levites'. It mainly concerns the service of worship at the tabernacle which was conducted by the priests who were the sons of Aaron, assisted by many from the rest of the tribe of Levi. Exodus gave the directions for building the tabernacle and Leviticus the laws and regulations for worship there including instructions on ceremonial cleanness, moral laws, holy days, the Sabbath year and the Year of the Jubilee. The English name of the book Numbers comes from the Septuagint and is based on the census lists found in it. The Hebrew title of the book (bedmidbar, 'in the desert'), is more descriptive of its contents. It presents an account of the thirty-eight year period of Israel's wandering in the desert following the establishment of the covenant of Sinai. The word 'Deuteronomy' (meaning the repetition of the law'), the name of the last book of the Pentateuch, arose from a mistranslation in the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate of a phrase in Deuteronomy 17:18, which in Hebrew means 'copy of the law'. The error is not serious however since Deuteronomy is, in a certain sense, a repetition of the law.

Generally, the unity of the Pentateuch must be stressed when discussing the content. This is created by an interest in the historical narrative forming the Pentateuch's backbone and framework and into which the blocks of legal texts have been placed. A clue to this narrative's central role and importance is the fact that the Old Testament events most frequently cited in the New Testament as the background and preparation for God's work in Christ are precisely that sequence of divine acts from Abraham's call through the kingship of David. Summaries or 'confession' of this sequence of divine acts plays a central role in Scripture. The basic details confessing God's saving acts on behalf of His people could be illustrated thus:

i. God chose Abraham his descendants (Acts 13:17; Josh.24:3) and promised them the land of Canaan (Deut. 6:23)

ii. Israel went down into Egypt (Acts 13:17; Josh. 24:5-7; Deut. 6:21ff; 28:8)

iii. God brought Israel into Canaan as promised (Acts 13:19; Josh.24:11-13; Deut. 6:23; 26:9).

This is but the narrative backbone of the Pentateuch in miniature. The plan that unifies the different elements forming the building blocks of the Pentateuch includes: promise, election, deliverance, covenant, law and land. It is realistically observed that "the one element universally present and central to these credos...is the Exodus, representing Yahweh's deliverance and the historical realization of His election of Israel as His people" (Lasor, Hubbard, Bush, 1982, p.55).

The Pentateuch has two major divisions: Genesis 1-11 and Genesis 12- Deuteronomy 34. The relation between them is one question and answer, problem and solution; the clue is Genesis 12:3. This structure not only elucidates the binding unity of the Pentateuch but also reveals that the structure began stretches far beyond the Pentateuch itself. The end and fulfillment lie beyond Deuteronomy 34 - indeed beyond the Old Testament. It could be safely asserted that probably no where does the Old Testament set forth an ultimate solution to the universal problem which Genesis 1-11 so poignantly portrays. The Old Testament indeed does not arrive at full redemption. When the Old Testament ends, Israel is still looking for the final consummation when hope shall be fulfilled and promise become fact. The juncture of Genesis 10-11 and chapters 12ff., is not only one of the most important places in the whole Old Testament but one of the most important in the entire Bible. Here begins the redemptive history that awaits the proclamation of the good news of God's new redemptive act in Jesus Christ; only then will be found the way in which the blessing of Abraham will bless all the families of the earth. The Pentateuch is truly open-ended, for the salvation history which commenced awaits the consummation in the Son of Abraham (Matt. 1:1) who draws all people to Him (John 12:32) punctuating the alienation of humanity from God and from one another.

Purpose

The purpose of the Pentateuch was a leading into the realization by God that He was the Creator and Sustainer of the universe as well as the Ruler of History. It testifies to God's saving acts, the central act being the exodus from Egypt. God invaded the consciousness of the Israelites and revealed Himself as the redeeming God. Knowledge of God as Redeemer subsequently led to a knowledge of Him as Creator; understanding the Lord as the God of grace consequently prompted an understanding as the God of nature after He displayed control over nature as evidenced in the plagues, the crossing of the Red Sea and sustenance in the wilderness. It must be stressed that God's grace was evident not only in deliverance and guidance, but in the giving of the law and the initiation of the covenant. Israel's supposed pledge of obedience, oath of loyalty to God and His will is her response. One must hasten to note that this response is a gift of God's grace. The Pentateuch stands or better still possesses a rich inner unity recording God's revelation in history and His Lordship over history and testifying to Israel's response and disobedience. It generally witnesses to God's holiness which "separates Him from men, and His gracious love, which binds Him to them on His terms" (New Bible Dictionary, 1962, p.909).

Themes

Although several themes could be identified between Genesis and Deuteronomy, unique but inter-related, intertwined and invaluable ones could be identified. These include election, creation, fall/sin, covenant, law and exodus. Israel was God's elect. According to Stott (1988), the Bible is "sacred history - the story of God's dealing with a particular people for a particular purpose" (p.45). They were convinced that God had done this for no other nation (Ps. 147:20). Great thinkers of Greece (including Plato, Socrates and Aristotle) are not the focus but scriptural record concentrates on men like Abraham, Moses, David, Isaiah and the prophets to whom the word of the Lord came, and on Jesus Christ, God's Word made flesh. Abraham's call has a present day significance to us and should not be slightly regarded as an event of the past. Election - God's special choice of individuals- basically contains two subsidiary features; promise and responsibility. Abraham is promised descendants, given the land of Canaan as his children's inheritance and promised a great name in the future. God's special favour was to rest not only on Abraham and his family but to all men through him (Gal. 3:29).

God's promises to Abraham therefore were not for the selfish enjoyment of a selected few but could benefit others if used responsibly. It is incontrovertible that God's choice of Israel has a missionary purpose. A covenant, in the Hebrew context, covered all human relationships and not a limited definition of a matter of legal documents and sealing-wax in the modern mind. This bond united people in mutual obligations. Naturally, people's relationship to God should be expressed in covenant terms. Covenant terms could be used to describe three unique occasions in the Pentateuch:

i. God's promises never again to destroy the world with a flood (Gen. 9:9)

ii. God's promises to Abram (Gen. 15:18; 17:4)

iii. The Sinai Covenant established with Moses and summarized in the 'book of the covenant' (Ex.24:4).

It must be borne in mind that although covenants were generally between equals, religiously it denotes a relationship between Creator and a lesser partner. However, the theological significance of the covenant must be highlighted. Based on initiative of God and implying a new revelation of the Creator, it made moral and ritual demands upon the people.

Taylor (1973) realistically observes that "the idea of law is central to the Pentateuch and...it gives its name to the book as a whole" (p.124). It basically covers the Ten Commandments (Decalogue - Ex. 20; Deut.5) and associates with these various collections of laws classified as:

i. The book of the Covenant (Ex. 21-23)

ii. The Holiness Code (Lev. 17:26)

iii. The Law of Deuteronomy (Deut. 12:26)

Since Israel was part of the Eastern Mediterranean culture and shared in the ideas and experience of her neighbours, several similarities could be noted especially with the Code of Hammurabi. The differences however made Israel's laws distinctive. They could be summarized thus:

i. Uncompromising monotheism (that is relating everything to the one true God)

ii. Remarkable concern for slaves, strangers, women and orphans (the underprivileged)

iii. Community spirit based on the covenant relationship shared by all Israel with the Lord

In a brilliant summary, Cornfeld (1961) observed that "Hebrew law appears from its earliest times to stand on a higher ethical level and postulates moral human relationship which do not seem to be equalled in other Near Eastern Legislations" (p.213). Israel must approach God with a due sense of His moral and spiritual distinctiveness. The elaborate sacrificial system generally found its fulfilment in the solitary sacrifice of Christ - the perfect Lamb of God- through whom sins are not only forgiven but atonement made for all men eternally (Heb. 10:1-18).

The exodus must be put in proper perspective. Described in Exodus 1-12, the Jews view it as the great intervention or saving act of God which later generations reminisced. This miraculous intervention was God's act of victory of the gods displaying total supremacy. Recalled annually in the Feast of the Passover, subsequent generations were reminded that they were initially members of a slave community mercifully redeemed from bondage. They were encouraged to use this as a deterrent, especially when curses reward disobedience. The historical significance was definitive. God could repeat His initial act. In Isaiah 51:9-11, Israel looked for a second exodus while in exile in Babylon.

The afore-mentioned themes are never submerged in the Pentateuch. Probably, the only other theme (which recurs in depressing regularity) is Israel's obstinate and persistent sinfulness. Among other things, they were slow to accept Moses as their deliverer, grumbled about hardship and desired to 'go back to Egypt'. Not even Moses was immune and was punished by not being allowed to lead God's people in the promised land.

Conclusion

Together, the five books trace Israel's origin from the earliest times, through the patriarchs; then the Exodus and Sinai periods prior to the entry to Canaan; they also contain much legal instruction. God's response to sin is consistently a blend of judgement and mercy. Beyond the immediate discipline of Adam and Eve, and confusion of tongues at Babel, God tempers justice with salvation. It is understandable therefore that in spite of man's path, God called Abraham to be the channel of grace and revelation to all mankind.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Childs, B. (1979). Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia (1964). New York: Dell Publishing Co.

Cornfeld, G. (1961). Adam to Daniel. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Everyman's Encyclopedia, Vol. 1. (1979). London : Dent and Sons.

Halley, H.H. (1962). Halley's Pocket Bible Handbook: An Abbreviated Bible Commentary. Minnesota:
Zondervan Publishing.

Knight, D.A. and G.M. Tucker (1985). The Hebrew Bible and its Modern Interpreters. Minnesota:
Fortress Press.

Lasor, W.S., D.A. Hubbard and F.W. Bush (1982). Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form and
Background to the Old Testament. Michigan: Williams B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

The New Bible Dictionary (1962). London: The Inter-Varsity Fellowship.

NIV Study Bible (1984). Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House.

Stott, J. (1988). Understanding the Bible. London: Scripture Union.

Taylor, J. (1973). The Five Books. In The Lion Handbook to the Bible. Herts: Lion Publishing.

The Pentateuch, Law of Moses or Torah
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AUTHOR SIGNATURE

Oliver L.T. Harding, who obtained his GCE O & A Levels from the Sierra Leone Grammar School and the Albert Academy respectively, is currently Senior & Acting Librarian of Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone. He is a part time lecturer at the Institute of Library, Information & Communication Studies (INSLICS), Fourah Bay College and the Extension Programme at the Evangelical College of Theology (T.E.C.T) at Hall Street, Brookfields; Vice President of the Sierra Leone Association of Archivists, Librarians & Information Scientists (SLAALIS); a member of the American Theological Library Association (ATLA) and an associate of the Chartered Institute of Library & Information Professionals (CILIP). His certificates, secular and sacred, include: a certificate and diploma from the Freetown Bible Training Centre; an upper second class B.A. Hons. Degree in Modern History (F.B.C.); a post-graduate diploma from the Institute of Library Studies (INSLIBS, F.B.C) a masters degree from the Institute of Library, Information & Communication Studies (INSLICS, F.B.C.) and a masters degree in Biblical Studies from West Africa Theological Seminary, affiliate of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, where he won the prize for academic excellence as the Best Graduating Student in 2005. Oliver, a writer, musician and theologian, is married (to Francess) with two children (Olivia & Francis).

Email: oltharding@yahoo.com

Mobile: 232-2233-460-330

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Complete Your Family Tree, Follow These Examples

You may have been yearning to make your own family tree for years but just don't know where to start. All you know is that it will be difficult, time-consuming and confusing. So you never bothered and yet the thought of making one still lingers in your head.

But there are shortcuts to this. It is easy and it is free. By accessing examples of family trees online, you will have a model to follow. This makes it easier for you to know where to start, how to place the names and information in an easy and readable format as well as how to connect your ancestors to their descendants.

You can also choose to leave this arduous job to the pros. Some websites will offer this service for a fee. All you have to do is submit the necessary information and their corresponding pictures and important facts related to those individuals. This however zaps the fun out of this project. It is definitely more fulfilling to complete your tree with your own hands.

Complete Your Family Tree, Follow These Examples

However, if you still choose to do the project yourself, you can check out some websites online that forms that you can download. That way all you have to do is fill them up. The website obituarieshelp.org offers simple and neat forms for free. Look for the section on genealogy forms.

thetreemaker.com offers fine and fancy templates, but these you will have to pay for. A nice feature about this site though is that they allow you to make personalized designs for your tree, making it more unique.

about.com has a Genealogy section which provides a few family tree templates you can download on to your computer and print out yourself. The designs are great and they are free.

The Family Tree Magazine site has several free worksheets that you can download as well. Moreover, this magazine is a wonderful source of information on completing your family tree project. Completing this project is a lot more fun and fulfilling when it is done with other members of your kin as well. So round everyone up and embark on this heartwarming project today.

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Michael Beardon has taught people how to build family trees for years. If you want to learn more about Genealogy you should check out his great tips at [http://familytreeguidebook.com/tips_green]

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How to Complete a Blank Family Tree

Completing a blank family tree is a great way to start researching your family history. It provides a way for you to organize your information in a structure that clearly shows your relationship to your ancestors. For this article, I will focus on a 3-generation family tree. I will explain the structure of the family tree, how to fill it in, and how it can be used to organize your family lines going back as many generations as you desire.

Family Tree Structure

A 3-generation family tree can easily fit on a 8.5" x 11" sheet of paper. With the paper positioned lengthwise, it will be divided into 3 columns. Moving from left to right, the first column will contain a single box that will be used to hold information about yourself. This box is labeled #1. The second column will contain two boxes stacked vertically. The top box will hold your father's information and is labeled #2. The bottom box will hold your mother's information and is labeled #3. The third column will contain four boxes stacked vertically which are labeled #4 through #7. Boxes #4 and #5 will have the information about your paternal grandfather and grandmother, respectively. Boxes #6 and #7 will have the information abut your maternal grandfather and grandmother, respectively. An interesting observation about this type of structure is that, with the possible exception of box #1, odd numbered boxes indicate women and even numbered boxes indicate men.

How to Complete a Blank Family Tree

Filling Out Your Family Tree

Now that you understand the structure of the 3-generation family tree, it is time to begin filling it out. Family research always begins with yourself. Box #1 will be used to collect this information. On the first line, put your full name. Note that women should always be listed by their maiden name. Below your name, you can include additional information such as the dates and locations of your birth and marriage.

Once you've completed the first column, you can move on to the second column. This column will contain the information about your father in box #2 and your mother in box #3. As before, start by listing their full name in their respective box. You can then add the dates and locations of their births, marriage, and deaths. If a particular space doesn't apply, leave it blank. Repeat this process for your grandparents in the third column.

Once you've finished listing each person's information, you should label this page as "Chart No. 1."

Organizing Your Research

In order to document your family lines further back in time, you will need to fill in additional family tree charts. The ancestry for each of the boxes in column three of Chart No. 1 can be continued on a new chart. For example, let's trace back your paternal grandfather's family line. In Chart No. 1, your paternal grandfather's information is listed in box #4. Next to that box, we will put a "2" to indicate that this family line will continue in Chart No. 2. In Chart No. 2, we note underneath the chart number that box #1 on this chart is the same as box #4 on Chart 1. Using this method, we are able to tie the two charts together. You can then continue to fill in this line of ancestry. Repeat this process as many times as necessary.

Completing a blank family tree is the first step in researching family history. With this information in hand, you are now ready to dig deeper into the life stories hiding behind each name as you uncover your family history.

How to Complete a Blank Family Tree
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Visit The Blank Family Tree to download free blank family tree templates and to find creative ideas for taking your family research to the next level.

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Condolence Messages - Samples of What to Say and What Not to Say in Condolence Messages

Condolence messages sent with sincerity are not meant to hurt or remind the bereaved of sad times, but sometimes, a well-intentioned condolence message does just that. When writing a condolence message, it's hard to know what to say and what not to say. How can you truly know what someone is going through at this sad time? How can you truly know what to say that will comfort them?

A Personal Story of a Hurtful Condolence Message
My young cousin sat on the age of her bed sobbing her eyes out. Our grandfather had just died and we were all going through a mixture of raw emotions. We had already shed a river of tears over the preceding couple of days, but this time the crying was different. These tears weren't fuelled by sadness; rather they came from anger and disbelief. "How could they say that?" she cried.

The saddest part of watching this beautiful young girl sobbing uncontrollably was, knowing the reason she was so upset. She had been relatively fine considering the circumstances, slowly coming to terms with our loss. Until she had read the letter she still held in her hands. A condolence message sent from a friend. "How could they?" she said, looking at me with her red, confounded eyes.

Condolence Messages - Samples of What to Say and What Not to Say in Condolence Messages

Unintentionally Upsetting the Bereaved
The friend who had sent the letter had no intention of upsetting my young cousin. In fact, they thought they were being sympathetic and somewhat helpful. They had unintentionally mentioned a previous disagreement my cousin had had with my grandfather. A disagreement that, at this time, she was feeling exceptionally guilty about. The friend's intention was to alleviate her guilt, but she had only compounded it. Best if it had been left unsaid.

It's so difficult to determine what any individual may be going through during the grieving process. Grief is so unique, and different people will handle it in different ways. Someone whom you thought would be a pillar of strength may be reduced to being completely helpless, and vice versa. The emotions can be so volatile at this time that what is said and not said must be carefully considered.

Put Yourself in the Bereaved Person's Position
Though it may be hard to imagine and a bit distasteful, try to put yourself in the grieving person's position. Would you want to be reminded of how your loved one died? I think we both know the answer to that question. But, it has been done, and only because of the awkwardness of the situation. People often stumble over what to say in a condolence letter simply from having no familiarity with it. Everyone experiences death at some point in their life, and the first time is no doubt the most difficult.

Some Basic Things to Avoid in a Condolence Message:

• Raising issues you or the bereaved may have had with the deceased
• Comparing their loss with some problem you may be having or difficulty you may be going through
• Offering advice on how to handle their grief. Especially if you have no experience.
• Minimize their loss through the use of cliches such as, "time heals" or "you'll get over it".
• Never, ever raise the issue of money owed - by or to either party.
• Don't apologize or make excuses for not being as good a friend or relative or neighbour as you could have. Reserve this for a more appropriate time in the future.

Keep It Simple and Sensitive
A basic rule of what to say when writing a condolence message is the KISS principle. Keep It Simple and Sensitive. Do say that you're sorry for their loss, and do say something positive about the deceased. Mention their strengths of character, good deeds or work they may have done. Share a fond or funny memory of the person that you recall. These sorts of things can be very comforting to those who are grieving, and help to alleviate the pain of their loss.

It is also appropriate to offer support at this time, whether it be emotional, or providing some help with cooking, transport or children if they are involved. Never offer financial assistance at this time! On signing off, simply express your heartfelt condolences. Phrases such as "With Deepest Sympathy", or "Our Loving Thoughts" are both suitable and soothing in a condolence message.

Condolence Messages - Samples of What to Say and What Not to Say in Condolence Messages
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Melanie Walters recommends ObituariesHelp.org for Condolence Messages, sample letters of sympathy and condolence, written examples of eulogies as well as help with all aspects of funeral planning. Also download free genealogy resources and read about building a family tree.

Melanie Walters created http://www.obituarieshelp.org/ to be the complete online resource for sympathy, condolence messages, obituaries, funeral help and genealogy. Free Sample Condolence Messages are available online to help you write your own. Also find family tree templates, newspaper obituaries listings; plan funerals and write sympathy and condolence messages using free samples and guides.

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Family Tree Search

While building a family tree, the first approach should be towards its design. There are several ways of designing family people tree available. Either one can design it by hand, or get it designed by computer. In addition to that, if someone is not much creative, then he can even purchase a ready made template of family people tree from a local bookstore.

One can also go online and search for some people tree templates. You can easily find some of the astonishing template designs online that will make your family people tree special. Some online websites also provide facility to exhibit your family tree online, while on others you can choose to keep it private. The main advantage of using online family tree facility is that you can have your family members go anywhere in the world and edit the information in the family tree.

For designing your family people tree, you should always begin with the basics. First of all add all the members of your side. Then later on you can add some long distance relations. Do not let the task become too complicated. Keep it simple. Here are some tips that can further help you in the process.

Family Tree Search

1.People to be included: Begin with your side of the family. Move from your siblings to your parents and grandparents. Move further with this generalized pattern as far as you can.

2.Pictures of family members: A good touch to the designing of your family people tree would be to add pictures to it. It will help you in making your tree more personalized and impressive. Sometimes it could be difficult to obtain all the pictures, especially of grand relatives.

3.Add On: If you want to go further deep in your family history, then adding on will not be a problem, especially with online family people tree, that can be easily manipulated according to the requirement. In addition to that, you can also add the family side of your spouse to your tree which would be a good keepsake for your children, as it will clearly display both sides of their heritage.

Developing a family tree could be a fascinating idea, as it will give you an idea of your background. Besides, it will also motivate you by developing your interest in your family history.

Family Tree Search
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You can get more information about Family Tree by visiting Free People Search.

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Affirmed, The Last Race Horse to Win the Triple Crown, Won the Triple Crown in 1978

Affirmed is the name of a famous American Race Horse that won the coveted Triple Crown in 1978. Winning the Triple Crown is such a rare occurrence in this sport that it has only happened eleven times in history with the last instance being when Affirmed successfully accomplished the feat in 1978.

Affirmed, born on February 21, 1975, is actually the great-great-grandson of a famous Triple Crown Winner by the name of War Admiral. War Admiral won the Triple Crown in 1937. Several other notable accomplished horses who were champions in their own right can be traced through the genealogy of Affirmed. With such impressive pedigree comes a great expectation of eventual success. Fortunately for the owners of Affirmed the beloved horse was able to meet even the highest of expectations.

The feat of winning the Triple Crown in American Thoroughbred racing consists of a race horse successfully navigating first place finishes in the three most prestigious races in the sport in consecutive order to close out the season in May and June. The three highly touted events are in order of occurrence the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. These three races take place in Louisville, Kentucky, Baltimore, Maryland, and Elmont, New York respectively. The timing for these three events kicks off on the first Saturday in May at the Kentucky Derby and concludes five weeks later on Long Island, New York at the Belmont Stakes.

Affirmed, The Last Race Horse to Win the Triple Crown, Won the Triple Crown in 1978

Most Triple Crown winners are widely considered the dominant horse of their era and while Affirmed certainly was a dominant horse with an impressive resume of victories this particular horse faced arguably tougher competition in his run for a Triple Crown than any other horse to successfully complete the circuit. When purist race horse historians discuss the championship career of Affirmed a horse named Alydar comes up frequently because this thoroughbred served as a worthy rival. Many analysts believe that the late 1970s when these two horses competed against one another was one of the golden eras of the sport due in large part to the main stream and commercial interest that was incited by this classic rivalry.

While the race horse named Alydar had his fair share of victories Affirmed was the horse of the year in 1978 when he became the eleventh horse to ever win the coveted Triple Crown award. Interestingly Alydar had the melancholy distinction of being the first thoroughbred to come in second place in all three of the Triple Crown races.

Before his death on January 21, 2001 Affirmed was put out to stud and as a result of his impressive family tree and racetrack success the horse commanded nearly .5 million in fees for his services, a number that was a record at the time.

Affirmed, The Last Race Horse to Win the Triple Crown, Won the Triple Crown in 1978
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Where to Find Free Printable Family Tree Templates

I've been climbing my family tree for many years, and I have to tell you that it used to be much harder than it is today - - thanks in part to the many free family tree templates available on the Internet. Once you start entering names in each generation you'll be pleasantly surprised at how much easier it is to keep track of everyone.

Since climbing your family tree (called genealogy) is about connecting one generation to the previous generation (i.e. you to your parents, your parents to their parents) it's critical to make sure each person is entered on the correct branch of the tree.

Although you may think keeping track of everyone is easy, consider this: The number of your direct ancestors doubles with each generation (2 parents, 4 grandparents, 8 great-grandparents). And this doesn't even include aunts and uncles, brothers and sisters. By the time you go back 10 generations you have over 1,000 direct ancestors. Keeping all those people straight without having them on a chart or tree template is almost impossible.

Where to Find Free Printable Family Tree Templates

There are two basic types of charts that you'll want to download.

The first is a pedigree chart. A pedigree chart tracks your family back generation by generation, starting with you.

The second is a family group sheet. This chart contains information about a single family unit (husband, wife, kids).

The pedigree chart is like a wide-angle lens - it gives you the whole picture; a family group sheet is like a zoom lens because it zooms in on one small bit of the tree.

If you own genealogy software you probably already have access to free family tree templates. But if you don't have software you can easily find templates by using your favorite search engine and looking for search phrases such as "family tree templates", "family tree forms", "pedigree chart", or "family group sheet".

Or, you can download these two forms plus lots more for free over at the website for Family Tree Magazine or Family Tree Templates.

Once you really get into climbing the family tree you'll probably want to download even more templates for things like

a research log (keeps track of websites you searched) a correspondence log (keeps track of who you e-mailed for information) cemetery form (write down tombstone inscriptions) scrapbook forms (to make family tree scrapbook pages) circular, bow tie, and hourglass forms (pedigree charts)

One of the best things about getting started in genealogy is having a high level of excitement and anticipation about who and what you'll find. Use templates to record your finds and you'll be on your way to climbing higher and higher up the family tree.

Where to Find Free Printable Family Tree Templates
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Nancy Hendrickson is a professional genealogy researcher, author and instructor. She specializes in helping people trace their ancestors using Internet tools and techniques. Considered an expert in Internet genealogy, Hendrickson has been interviewed by national publications including the New York Times and Better Homes and Gardens.

Nancy invites you to download her Family Tree Idea Book and learn more about researching your genealogy at http://www.ancestornews.com. If you've ever wondered about your family's past, join her in a voyage that may take you where you never expected and show you things you never imagined would happen in your own family.

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